Systems In English Grammar An Introduction For Language Teachers Pdf

Focuses on the ongoing, temporary nature of an action.

The result/object is more important than the doer (crucial in academic and scientific writing). The speaker wants to avoid assigning blame. 4. The Mood and Modality System Focuses on the ongoing, temporary nature of an action

The modal system is often poorly taught as "must = strong, should = weak." A systems-based PDF would show how modals interact with aspect (e.g., She must have left – past deduction) and how past modals shift meaning ( I could swim vs. I could have swum ). Focuses on the ongoing

Use Concept Checking Questions (CCQs): Instead of asking "Do you understand?", ask questions that probe the system. For example, for the present perfect: "Is the action finished? Is it important now?" Focuses on the ongoing, temporary nature of an action