: Jatuhnya rezim Orde Baru pada tahun 1998 membuka keran demokrasi dan perebutan kekuasaan struktural di daerah. Elit politik lokal memanfaatkan sentimen identitas untuk mendulang dukungan.

A massive wave of violence characterized by Christian counterattacks against Muslim communities, leading to high casualties and the destruction of hundreds of homes. Stage IV (June – December 2001):

Characterized by extreme brutality and mass killings. Christian militias, known as the "Red Group" , launched coordinated attacks on Muslim villages. Post-2001 Period: Despite the Malino Declaration for Poso